Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage 1

The most striking quality of satire literature is its freshness, its originality of perspective. It presents the familiar in a new form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is to look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seen foolish, harmful, or affected. Satire stimulates us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. Don Quixote makes chivalry seem absurd; Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of science; A Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism（同类相食）. None of these ideas is original. Chivalry was suspected before Cervantes, humanists objected to the claims of pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before Swift. It was not the originality of the idea that made this satire popular. Satires are read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are morally wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating and refreshing because with commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions. With spontaneous impoliteness, satire rearranges perspectives, seeks familiar objects into unrelated juxtaposition（并列）, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude（陈词滥调）.

Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to produce people into an awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is sentimental and only partially true. Life resembles in only slight degree the popular image of it. Soldiers do not hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their to unselfish services of humanity. Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not hear them expressed.

21. The main idea of this passage is .

A）difficulties of writing satiric literature.

B）popular topics of satire

C）new philosophies emerging from satiric literature

D）reasons for the popularity of satire

22. In satire literature, we can find .

A）newly emerging philosophies

B）odd combinations of objects and ideas

C）abstract discussion of morals and ethics

D）wholesome characters who are unselfish

23. According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to be .

A）informed about new scientific developments

B）exposed to original philosophies when they are formulated

C）reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurate

D）told how they can be of service to their communities

24. As a result of reading satire literature, readers will be most likely to .

A）teach themselves to write fiction

B）accept conventional points of view

C）become better informed about current affairs

D）reexamine their opinions and values

25. The various purposes of satire include all of the following except .

A）introducing readers to unfamiliar situations

B）brushing away illusions

C）reminding readers of the truth

D）exposing false values

Passage 2

In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had tremendous natural resources that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of the raw materials that are valuable in the manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into wealth. Iron, coal, and oil—the basic ingredients of industrial growth—were plentiful and needed only the application of technical expertise, organizational skill, and labor.

One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth of the railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the United States looked like a spider’s web, with the steel filaments connecting all important sources of raw material, their centers of distribution. The railroads contributed to the industrial growth not only by connecting these major centers, but also by themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.

Many factors influenced emerging modes of production. For example, machine tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the nineteenth century—always with an eye to speedier production and lower unit costs. The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered the workers and the distributors. The increased urban population was nourished by the workers and the distributors. The increased urban population was nourished by the new farm machinery. American agricultural production kept up with the urban demand and still had surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.

26. Why does the author mention “a spider’s web” in the second paragraph?

A) To emphasize the railroad’s consumption of oil and coal.

B) To describe the complex structure of the railway system.

C) To explain the problems brought on by railway expansion.

D) To describe the difficulties involved in the distribution of raw materials.

23. According to the passage, all of the following were true of railroads in the United States in the nineteenth century EXCEPT that _____.

A) they connected important industrial cities

B) they were necessary to the industrialization process

C) they were expanded in a short time

D) they used relatively small quantities of natural resources

24. According to the passage, what was one effect of the improvement of machine tools?

A) Lower manufacturing costs.

B) Better distribution of goods.

C) More efficient transportation of natural resources.

D) A reduction in industrial jobs.

25. Which of the following is NOT true of United States farmers in the nineteenth century?

A) They lost some jobs because of mechanization.

B) They were unable to produce sufficient food for urban areas.

C) They raised their productivity by using new machinery.

D) They sold food to European countries.

26. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A) The history of railroads in the United States.

B) The major United States industrial centers.

C) Factors that affected industrialization in the United States.

D) The role of agriculture in the nineteenth century.

Passage 1

短文大意：本文给我们介绍了讽刺文学的特点，即新鲜和独特的视角。讽刺使我们跳出了满足，而感受到令人愉悦的震惊，并意识到许多我们毫无疑问地去接受的价值观是错误的。讽刺家本身并不提供新的哲学观，他们只是为读者们提供一种新的视角，因此讽刺的存在来自于它自身的功能：帮助辩明是非，重新认识世界。

21. 答案为D）。主旨题。文章开始便说，讽刺文学的显著特点是给人以新鲜、独特的视角并以新形式表达我们熟悉的东西。紧接着，作者就论述人们为什么喜欢它以及其生存的理由。A）、B）项只是短文的细节；C）项完全与作者的说法相左。

22．答案为B）。细节题。A）项不对，因为作者认为讽刺家不提供新的哲学观。解答本题的关键在于理解第一段，尤其是第一段的最后一句话“With spontaneous impoliteness, satire rearranges perspectives, seeks familiar objects into unrelated juxtaposition, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.”。

23．答案为C）。细节题。该答案是从最后一段中的“Satire tends to remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read is sentimental, only partially true”这一句话的内容而得知的。

24．答案为D）。推断题。第一段中有一句话写到，“satire rearranges perspectives”,这就道出了答案。因为讽刺文学的功能就是辨明是非，重新认识世界。

25．答案为A）。推断题。B）、C）、D）项的内容在文章中都有论述，只有A）项的内容文中没有涉及。

Passage 2

短文大意：本文主要讲述了影响美国工业化的因素。十九世纪中叶，美国有大量的自然资源用以发展重工业。在这场工业化革命中铁路也起到了关键的作用，它不仅促进了工业的发展，而且本身也消耗了巨额的燃料、铁和煤炭。除此之外，还有许多其他的因素也促进了生产力，如：机械工具也得到了极大地完善，与此同时，工业的发展带动了农业的发展，而农业的发展带动了城市的发展，例如，在工厂里工作、修建铁路的劳动力就有一部分来自于农场。

26. 答案为B）。推断题。仔细阅读文章第二段不难发现作者在这里将美国铁路地图比作蜘蛛网，主要是为了说明当时美国铁路系统的复杂和完善，所以本题的正确答案B）。

27. 答案为D)。 细节题。注意题目用了“EXCEPT”一词。 从文章第二段中“The railroads contributed to the industrial growth not only by connecting these major centers, but also by themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.”这句话，不难看出D）与原文意思不符，所以本题的正确答案D）。

28. 答案为A)。 细节题。文章第三段第二句指出：“For example, machine tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the nineteenth century—always with an eye to speedier production and lower unit costs.”从这里可以得知本题的正确答案是A）。

29. 答案为B)。 推断题。本题主要考查的是对文章的理解。要注意“NOT”一词。最后一段中提到：“The increased urban population was nourished by the workers and the distributors. The increased urban population was nourished by the new farm machinery. American agricultural production kept up with the urban demand and still had surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.”这里可以得知本题的正确答案是B）。

30. 答案为C)。 主旨题。通读全文，不难发现文章主要讲了影响美国工业化的因素。所以本题的正确答案C）。